Dr Edward GillenWinton Fellow & Reader in Observations of ExoplanetsEmail: e.gillen@qmul.ac.ukTelephone: 020 7882 5898Room Number: G.O. Jones Building, Room 507ProfileTeachingResearchPublicationsSupervisionProfileI am a Lecturer and Winton Fellow at Queen Mary University of London. My research focuses on understanding the evolution, diversity and habitability of planetary systems, which I pursue using a variety of ground- and space-based observatories. I completed my PhD at the University of Oxford in 2015, where I worked on young eclipsing binary stars and their environments in open clusters. Following my PhD, I moved into exoplanet research and took up a postdoctoral position in exoplanets at the University of Cambridge. In 2018, I was awarded a Winton Exoplanet Fellowship, which I also held at Cambridge. I moved to QMUL in May 2020 to join the Astronomy Unit as a lecturer. I am a member of the Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS), Atmospheric Remote-sensing Exoplanet Large-survey (ARIEL) and PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) consortia.TeachingI am the Module Organiser (MO) for the masters level course Exoplanets and Astrophysics Discs (SPA7009U/P), Deputy Module Organiser (DMO) for the masters level course Radiative Transfer and Astrochemistry (SPA7036U/P) and the Module Associate (MA) for the first year undergraduate course Our Universe (SPA4101). I also supervise undergraduate project students on the SPA6913, SPA6776 and SPA7015U courses.ResearchResearch Interests:My primary research interests focus on understanding the evolution, diversity and habitability of planetary systems. Within these overarching themes, some areas of particular interest include: Characterising transiting exoplanet systems at different ages throughout their lifetime. Young planets (i.e. those less than around a billion years old) are especially interesting, as they offer direct observational link between our theories of planet formation and the currently known, old, exoplanet population. Observationally calibrating stellar (and hence planetary) evolution theory using various complementary approaches: Characterising eclipsing binary stars, for which the stellar masses, radii and temperatures can be directly measured. Characterising stellar rotation and flare activity, which offer insight into the age-activity-rotation relation. Studying the star-disk interaction, which provides a window onto the final stages of star formation and the inner regions of protoplanetary disks. Assessing the potential habitability of exoplanet systems by characterising the high energy activity of low-mass stars. Examples of research funding:I am supported by a Winton Exoplanet Fellowship and the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).PublicationsMy full publication list is available through the ADS, which can be viewed here. Blanco-Duque C, Bond SA, Krone LB et al. (2024). Oscillatory-Quality of sleep spindles links brain state with sleep regulation and function. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6247 QMRO: qmroHref Leleu A, Delisle J-B, Delrez L et al. (2024). Photo-dynamical characterisation of the TOI-178 resonant chain. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202450212 QMRO: qmroHref Gill S, Bayliss D, Ulmer-Moll S et al. (2024). TOI-2447 b / NGTS-29 b: a 69-day Saturn around a Solar analogue. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae1256 QMRO: qmroHref Battley MP, Collins KA, Ulmer-Moll S et al. (2024). NGTS-30b/TOI-4862b: An ~1 Gyr old 98-day transiting warm Jupiter★★★. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202449307 QMRO: qmroHref Barragán O, Yu H, Freckelton AV et al. (2024). TOI-837 b is a young Saturn-sized exoplanet with a massive 70 M⊕ core. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae1344 QMRO: qmroHref Bouchy F, Gillen E, Turner O et al. (2024). NGTS discovery of a highly inflated Saturn-mass planet and a highly irradiated hot Jupiter. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202347162 QMRO: https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/96861 O’Brien SM, Schwamb ME, Gill S et al. (2024). Planet Hunters NGTS: New Planet Candidates from a Citizen Science Search of the Next Generation Transit Survey Public Data. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad32c8 QMRO: qmroHref Henderson BA, Casewell SL, Goad MR et al. (2024). NGTS-28Ab: a short period transiting brown dwarf. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae508 QMRO: qmroHref Duffy CDP, Canchon G, Haworth TJ et al. (2023). Photosynthesis under a red Sun: predicting the absorption characteristics of an extraterrestrial light-harvesting antenna. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad2823 QMRO: https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/91643 Lowson N, Zhou G, Huang CX et al. (2023). Two mini-Neptunes transiting the adolescent K-star HIP 113103 confirmed with TESS and CHEOPS. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad2756 QMRO: qmroHref Smith GD, Gillen E, Hodgkin ST et al. (2023). NGTS clusters survey – V. Rotation in the Orion star-forming complex. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad1435 QMRO: qmroHref Kreutzer LT, Gillen E, Briegal JT et al. (2023). S-ACF: a selective estimator for the autocorrelation function of irregularly sampled time series. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad1223 QMRO: qmroHref Barragán O, Gillen E, Aigrain S et al. (2023). Revisiting K2-233 spectroscopic time-series with multidimensional Gaussian processes. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad1139 QMRO: qmroHref Moulton T, Hodgkin ST, Smith GD et al. (2023). NGTS clusters survey – IV. Search for Dipper stars in the Orion Nebular Cluster. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stad364 QMRO: qmroHref Heitzmann A, Zhou G, Quinn SN et al. (2023). TOI-4562b: A Highly Eccentric Temperate Jupiter Analog Orbiting a Young Field Star. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/acb5a2 QMRO: qmroHref Jackson DG, Watson CA, de Mooij EJW et al. (2022). The discovery of three hot Jupiters, NGTS-23b, 24b, and 25b, and updated parameters for HATS-54b from the Next Generation Transit Survey. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac3192 QMRO: qmroHref Alves DR, Jenkins JS, Vines JI et al. (2022). NGTS-21b: an inflated Super-Jupiter orbiting a metal-poor K dwarf. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac2884 QMRO: qmroHref Ulmer-Moll S, Lendl M, Gill S et al. (2022). Two long-period transiting exoplanets on eccentric orbits: NGTS-20 b (TOI-5152 b) and TOI-5153 b★. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243583 QMRO: https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/96858 Zhou G, Wirth CP, Huang CX et al. (2022). A Mini-Neptune from TESS and CHEOPS Around the 120 Myr Old AB Dor Member HIP 94235. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac69e3 QMRO: qmroHref Briegal JT, Gillen E, Queloz D et al. (2022). Periodic stellar variability from almost a million NGTS light curves. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac898 QMRO: qmroHref Gill S, Ulmer-Moll S, Wheatley PJ et al. (2022). TIC-320687387 B: a long-period eclipsing M-dwarf close to the hydrogen burning limit. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac798 QMRO: qmroHref Günther MN, Berardo DA, Ducrot E et al. (2022). Complex Modulation of Rapidly Rotating Young M Dwarfs: Adding Pieces to the Puzzle. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac503c QMRO: qmroHref Smith GD, Gillen E, Queloz D et al. (2021). NGTS clusters survey – III. A low-mass eclipsing binary in the Blanco 1 open cluster spanning the fully convective boundary. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2374 QMRO: qmroHref Acton JS, Goad MR, Burleigh MR et al. (2021). NGTS-19b: A high mass transiting brown dwarf in a 17-day eccentric orbit. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab1459 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/72578 Leleu A, Alibert Y, Hara NC et al. (2021). Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039767 QMRO: https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/96862 Jackman JAG, Wheatley PJ, Acton JS et al. (2021). Stellar flares detected with the Next Generation Transit Survey. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab979 QMRO: qmroHref Tilbrook RH, Burleigh MR, Costes JC et al. (2021). NGTS 15b, 16b, 17b, and 18b: four hot Jupiters from the Next-Generation Transit Survey. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab815 QMRO: qmroHref Grieves N, Nielsen LD, Vines JI et al. (2021). NGTS-13b: A hot 4.8 Jupiter-mass planet transiting a subgiant star. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039586 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/71933 Barragán O, Aigrain S, Gillen E et al. (2021). TESS Re-observes the Young Multi-planet System TOI-451: Refined Ephemeris and Activity Evolution. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/2515-5172/abef70 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/71932 Smith AMS, Acton JS, Anderson DR et al. (2021). NGTS-14Ab: A Neptune-sized transiting planet in the desert. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039712 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/71934 Bryant EM, Bayliss D, Nielsen LD et al. (2020). NGTS-12b: A sub-Saturn mass transiting exoplanet in a 7.53 day orbit. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2976 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/71958 Jenkins JS, Díaz MR, Kurtovic NT et al. (2020). Author Correction: An ultrahot Neptune in the Neptune desert. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-01252-5 QMRO: qmroHref Jenkins JS, Díaz MR, Kurtovic NT et al. (2020). An ultrahot Neptune in the Neptune desert. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-1142-z QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67586 Lienhard F, Queloz D, Gillon M et al. (2020). Global analysis of the TRAPPIST Ultra-Cool Dwarf Transit Survey. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2054 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/71959 Jackman JAG, Wheatley PJ, Acton JS et al. (2020). NGTS clusters survey – II. White-light flares from the youngest stars in Orion. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa1971 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67589 Acton JS, Goad MR, Casewell SL et al. (2020). An eclipsing M-dwarf close to the hydrogen burning limit from NGTS. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2513 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67587 Gill S, Wheatley PJ, Cooke BF et al. (2020). NGTS-11 b (TOI-1847 b): A Transiting Warm Saturn Recovered from a TESS Single-transit Event. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab9eb9 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67598 Gillen E, Hillenbrand LA, Stauffer J et al. (2020). Mon-735: a new low-mass pre-main-sequence eclipsing binary in NGC 2264. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa1016 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67599 McCormac J, Gillen E, Jackman JAG et al. (2020). NGTS-10b: the shortest period hot Jupiter yet discovered. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa115 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64836 Gillen E, Briegal JT, Hodgkin ST et al. (2020). NGTS clusters survey - I. Rotation in the young benchmark open cluster Blanco 1. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3251 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64872 Lendl M, Bouchy F, Gill S et al. (2020). TOI-222: A single-transit TESS candidate revealed to be a 34-d eclipsing binary with CORALIE, EulerCam, and NGTS. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3545 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64798 Guenther MN, Zhan Z, Seager S et al. (2020). Stellar Flares from the First TESS Data Release: Exploring a New Sample of M Dwarfs. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab5d3a QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64799 Gillen E, Rimmer PB, Catling DC (2020). Statistical analysis of Curiosity data shows no evidence for a strong seasonal cycle of Martian methane. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113407 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64824 Costes JC, Watson CA, Belardi C et al. (2019). NGTS-8b and NGTS-9b: Two non-inflated hot Jupiters. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3140 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64800 Jackman JAG, Wheatley PJ, Bayliss D et al. (2019). NGTS-7Ab: An ultrashort-period brown dwarf transiting a tidally locked and active M dwarf. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2496 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64801 Vines JI, Jenkins JS, Acton JS et al. (2019). NGTS-6b: An ultrashort period hot-Jupiter orbiting an old K dwarf. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2349 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64805 West RG, Gillen E, Bayliss D et al. (2019). NGTS-4b: A sub-Neptune transiting in the desert. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1084 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64827 Eigmueller P, Chaushev A, Gillen E et al. (2019). NGTS-5b: a highly inflated planet offering insights into the sub-Jovian desert. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935206 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64802 David TJ, Hillenbrand LA, Gillen E et al. (2019). Age Determination in Upper Scorpius with Eclipsing Binaries. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aafe09 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64826 Jackman JAG, Wheatley PJ, Pugh CE et al. (2019). Detection of a giant flare displaying quasi-periodic pulsations from a pre-main-sequence M star by the Next Generation Transit Survey. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty3036 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64803 Casewell SL, Raynard L, Watson CA et al. (2018). A low-mass eclipsing binary within the fully convective zone from the Next Generation Transit Survey. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/MNRAS/STY2183 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64807 Raynard L, Goad MR, Gillen E et al. (2018). NGTS-2b: An inflated hot-Jupiter transiting a bright F-dwarf. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/MNRAS/STY2581 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64806 Günther MN, Queloz D, Gillen E et al. (2018). Unmasking the hidden NGTS-3Ab: A hot Jupiter in an unresolved binary system. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty1193 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64808 Armstrong DJ, Günther MN, McCormac J et al. (2018). Automatic vetting of planet candidates from ground-based surveys: Machine learning with NGTS. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/MNRAS/STY1313 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64809 Rimmer PB, Xu J, Thompson SJ et al. (2018). The origin of RNA precursors on exoplanets.. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar3302 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/71960 Bayliss D, Gillen E, Eigmüller P et al. (2018). NGTS-1b: A hot Jupiter transiting an M-dwarf. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx2778 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64812 Wheatley PJ, West RG, Goad MR et al. (2018). The Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS). nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx2836 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64811 Jackman JAG, Wheatley PJ, Pugh CE et al. (2018). Ground-based detection of G star superflares with NGTS. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty897 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64810 Günther MN, Queloz D, Gillen E et al. (2017). Centroid vetting of transiting planet candidates from the Next Generation transit Survey. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx1920 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64813 Gillen E, Hillenbrand LA, David TJ et al. (2017). New Low-mass Eclipsing Binary Systems in Praesepe Discovered by K2. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa84b3 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64825 Pepper J, Gillen E, Parviainen H et al. (2017). A Low-mass Exoplanet Candidate Detected by K2 Transiting the Praesepe M Dwarf JS 183. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa62ab QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64814 Gillen E, Aigrain S, Terquem C et al. (2017). CoRoT 223992193: Investigating the variability in a low-mass, pre-main sequence eclipsing binary with evidence of a circumbinary disk. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628483 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64828 Rebull LM, Stauffer JR, Bouvier J et al. (2016). ROTATION in the PLEIADES with K2. I. DATA and FIRST RESULTS. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/113 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64816 Rebull LM, Stauffer JR, Bouvier J et al. (2016). ROTATION in the PLEIADES with K2. II. MULTIPERIOD STARS. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/114 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64815 Demory BO, Queloz D, Alibert Y et al. (2016). Probing trappist-1-like systems with K2. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/2041-8205/825/2/L25 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64817 Stauffer J, Cody AM, Rebull L et al. (2016). CSI 2264: CHARACTERIZING YOUNG STARS in NGC 2264 with STOCHASTICALLY VARYING LIGHT CURVES. nameOfConference DOI: 10.3847/0004-6256/151/3/60 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64818 David TJ, Stauffer J, Hillenbrand LA et al. (2015). HII 2407: An eclipsing binary revealed by K2 observations of the Pleiades. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/814/1/62 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64820 Lohr ME, Norton AJ, Gillen E et al. (2015). The doubly eclipsing quintuple low-mass star system 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201525973 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64821 Stauffer J, Cody AM, McGinnis P et al. (2015). CSI 2264: Characterizing young stars in NGC 2264 with short-duration periodic flux dips in their light curves. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/149/4/130 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64819 Cody AM, Stauffer J, Baglin A et al. (2014). CSI 2264: Simultaneous optical and infrared light curves of young disk-bearing stars in NGC 2264 with CoRoT and Spitzer - Evidence for multiple origins of variability. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1088/0004-6256/147/4/82 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64822 Gillen E, Aigrain S, McQuillan A et al. (2014). CoRoT* 223992193: A new, low-mass, pre-main sequence eclipsing binary with evidence of a circumbinary disk. nameOfConference DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201322493 QMRO: https://uat2-qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/64823 SupervisionThis is not an exhaustive list and I would be happy to discuss other project possibilities. Understanding the early evolution of stellar and planetary systems Young open clusters are groups of hundreds-to-thousands of stars that formed in the same birth environment and hence share a common age, composition and location. The shared properties of these stars make them powerful astrophysical laboratories to probe the early evolution of both stars and the planetary systems they host. For example, the size, temperature and internal structure of stars, along with their rotation rates and activity levels, change dramatically during their early stages of life. Likewise, planets evolve most significantly during their first billion years: after forming within the protoplanetary disc of gas and dust that surrounds young stars, young planets cool and contract, with some migrating in towards their host star where they are subject to strong tidal forces and stellar irradiation. By studying young stars and planets in open clusters across a range of ages, we can probe all of these phenomena and observationally constrain how stellar and planetary systems evolve. The Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS) is a state-of-the-art photometric facility based at ESO’s Paranal Observatory in Chile, which comprises 12 independent robotic telescopes. NGTS is conducting a systematic survey of young open clusters with ages between 1 Myr – 2 Gyr (i.e. 1 million – 2 billion years old), which is being led by Dr Gillen in collaboration with an international team of researchers (the NGTS consortium). Ten young open clusters have been observed to date with more planned over the next years. This PhD project will contribute to the scientific exploitation of the NGTS clusters survey. With a wealth of observational data on young stars, there is a lot of flexibility in the science that can be done in this project. Some potential avenues that can be explored are: Studying the angular momentum evolution of young stars by measuring their rotation periods across a range of ages. Constraining the structural evolution of young stars by characterising young eclipsing binary (EB) stars in these open clusters. Probing the activity levels of young stars by characterizing stellar flares, which have an impact on the potential habitability of orbiting planets. Probing the interaction between young stars and their protoplanetary discs (the sites of planet formation), which is modulated by the star’s magnetic field. Detecting and characterising young transiting planets in these open clusters. I would be happy to discuss any of these topics, as well as explore other project possibilities. Useful links on NGTS and the NGTS clusters survey: NGTS website: https://ngtransits.org Introduction to NGTS: https://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.181-sep20/messenger-no181-28-32.pdf NGTS clusters survey paper I: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.09705.pdf NGTS clusters survey paper II: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.01553.pdf